冠词
1、冠词分类及读法:
英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。
定冠词the读法:单独念时读[Ti:],在句子中常发[Ti ](元音之前)或者[T[](辅音之前);
不定冠词a/an的读法:单独念时读 [ei ]/[An ];在句子中常发 [[]/[[n]。
2、不定冠词a / an的用法:
不定冠词a /an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音开头的词前面;an用在元音开头的词的前面。
不定冠词的基本用法:
(1)表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。如:There is a dog lying on the ground.
(2)表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如:A elephant is much stronger than a man.
(3)表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如:He is a teacher of English.
(4)表示“一”这个数量。如:There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.
几个用不定冠词的习语:a bit(一点),a little(一点),a few(几个),a lot(许多),a kind of(一种),a pair of(一副、一双),a number of(大量的),a piece of (一张、一片),half an hour(半小时),have a good time(玩得开心),have a cold(感冒),make a noise(发出嘈杂声),have/take a (rest等)(休息)一会儿,等等。
3、定冠词the的用法:
定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。
定冠词的基本用法:
(1)表示特指的人或事物。如:The man with a flower in his hand is Jack.
(2)指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如:Look at the blackboard, Lily.
(3)复述前面提到过的人或事物。如:There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.
(4)表示世界上独一无二的事物。如:The earth turns around the sun.
(5)用在表示方位的名词前面。如:There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River。
(6)在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如:Who is the first one to go? / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.
(7)常用在乐器名称的前面。如:He began to play the violin at the age of 5.
(8)用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如:I have never been tothe Himalaya Mountains.
(9)用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如:He is from the United States of America.
(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如:The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.
(11)same之前一般用the。如:Lucy and Lily look the same.
(12)几个用定冠词的习语:at the same time(与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等等。
4、一些不用冠词的情况:
(1)专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如:China is a very large country.(中国是个大国) / Man needs air and water.
(2)名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如:My pen is much more expensive than yours.
(3)周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如:He was born on Monday,February 18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一) / They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.
(4) (第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如:Men are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聪明)
(5)三餐饭前不用。如:We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.节、假日前一般不用。如:On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from their parents.球类名词前不用。如:The children play football on Saturday afternoons.
(6)城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如:They are now at People’s Cinema.
(7) 一些习惯用语中不用。
如:⑴ at / to / from / out of / after / for school;
⑵ in / to / for / after class;
⑶in / to / out of / into bed;
⑷ after / at/ from / out of / to work;
⑸ at / to sea;
⑹ in / from / down / to town;
⑺ at / from home;
⑻ at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper;
⑼ at night/noon/midnight;
⑽ on foot;
⑾ go to school/bed;
⑿ on top of;
⒀ in front of;
⒁ on show/display/duty/watch;
⒂ in / out of hospital;
⒃ at all;
⒄ on/in time;
⒅ at first/last/once;
⒆ in Chinese/English, etc.;
⒇ take care of
数词
一、分类:数词有基数词和序数词两种。英语的数词可以作句子的主语、宾语、表语和定语。
(一)基数词:表示数目的词叫基数词。
1、英语中常用的基数词有:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
|
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve
|
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
|
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
|
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
|
twenty
thirty
forty
fifty
sixty
seventy
eighty
ninety
one(a) hundred
|
23
35
101
|
twenty-three
thirty-five
one hundred and one
|
1000→one(a) thousand;
10000→ ten thousand,100000→one hundred thousand ;
1000000→one million,10000000→ten million, 100000000→one hundred million;
108→one hundred and eight;
146→one hundred and forty-six;
500→five hundred;
1001→one thousand and one;
1813→one thousand eight hundred and thirteen.
2、[注]:
(1)百位与十位之间要加and;十万位和万位,亿位和千万位之间通常也要加and。
(2)英语用千、百万等单位计数,大数字从右向左看,每隔三位划一逗号,倒数第一个逗号之前要用thousand,倒数第二个逗号之前要用million,倒数第三的逗号之前要用billion表示。
(3)hundred、 thousand、 million作数词时,不用复数,前面可以加上one, two, …等其它数词。用作名词时复数表示“成…上…”,后面必须要有of,前面可以加上some,many,several等词。如:five hundred(五百),hundreds of(成百上千的),ten thousand(一万),thousands of(成千上万的),millions of(成百万的)
(二)序数词:表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
1、 英语的序数词基本变法:
(1)一般在基数词后加th, (2)-ve结尾的改为-fth,
(3)-ty结尾的改为-tieth, (4)熟记特殊词。
2、序数词如下:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
|
※first
※second
※third
fourth
fifth
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
tenth
eleventh
twelfth
|
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
|
thirteenth
fourteenth
fifteenth
sixteenth
seventeenth
eighteenth
nineteenth
|
20th
30th
40th
50th
60th
70th
80th
90th
100th
|
twentieth
thirtieth
fortieth
fiftieth
sixtieth
seventieth
eightieth
ninetieth
one undredth
|
21st
22nd
23rd
35th
101st
|
twenty-first
twenty-second
twenty-third
thirty-fifth
one hundred and first
|
1000th→one thousandth;
1000000th →one millionth;
第703→the seven hundred and third;
第5480→the five thousand four hundred and eightieth.
3、[注]:
(1)两位以上的序数词仅个位数部分用序数词,其余部分仍用基数词。如:thirty-sixth,
(2)使用序数词时一般加定冠词the. 如:I’m in the third grade.
(3)序数词作“几分之几”讲时,有复数形式。
如:1/5→one fifth ; 2/3→ two thirds ; 4/7→ four sevenths ; 1/2→ a half ; 1/4→a quarter ; 3/4→ three quarters ; 50%→ fifty hundredths ( fifty per cent).
(三)数词的用法:
1、表示年份:2002: twenty thousand and two ; 1976 : nineteen seventy-six.
2、表示日期:12月1日: Dec.1st或the first of December;2002年11月8日: Nov. 8th, 2002.
3、表示时刻:5:15→ five fifteen或a quarter past five ; 8:30→ eight thirty或half past eight ;10:45→ ten forty-five或a quarter to eleven.
4、表示编号:Room 105→Room one 0 five; Bus No.13→Bus Number Thirteen;P.5→Page Five; Tel.No.7658659→Telephone Number seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine
5、小数的读法:5.7→ five point seven, 0.16 →zero point one six.
6、“半”的表达:1/2→half, 半小时→half an hour,1.5小时→one and a half hours或one hour and a half.
7、序数词前面加the时,表示顺序,加a/an时表示“再一、又一”。如:The third lesson is rather difficult. / Shall we read the text a third time?